Paper

Trial by Trace: Benchmarking AI Agent Harnesses for Reliability and Failure Attribution

A benchmark that evaluates agent harness reliability apart from model task success using native traces, multi-source evidence, and run-level failure attribution.

arXiv ↗Oct 23, 2026Code ↗

  • llm
  • agents
  • benchmarking
  • evaluation
Four-stage pipeline diagram showing full evaluation framework methodology and workflow
Four-stage pipeline diagram showing full evaluation framework methodology and workflow

What it is

A benchmark for evaluating LLM agent harness reliability separately from task success, using execution traces, evidence bundles, and failure attribution. Instead of scoring only end-task success, it benchmarks the harness itself: 95 mechanism-oriented tasks, trace-based evidence, separate agent vs harness scoring, and explicit failure-attribution links.

Key results

  • 31.1% of runs succeeded on task but failed at least 1 harness criterion
  • Harness macro scores ranged from 59.8% to 72.0% across 4 harnesses
  • Evaluated 3,420 runs over 95 tasks, 4 harnesses, and 9 models

Task outcome alone is a poor proxy for agent-system reliability because models can compensate for harness failures.

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