Paper

Program-as-Weights: A Programming Paradigm for Fuzzy Functions

Compiles fuzzy task specs into hot-swappable LoRA programs for a frozen small LM, replacing per-input LLM prompting with one-time neural compilation.

arXiv ↗Jul 2, 2026Code ↗

  • llm
  • nlp
  • parameter-efficient fine-tuning
  • program synthesis
  • small language models

What it is

Compiles natural-language fuzzy function specs into small neural adapters for a frozen local model, turning repeated LLM calls into reusable offline programs. Instead of prompting a large model on every input, compile a spec once into a pseudo-program plus LoRA adapter for a frozen 0.6B interpreter; this makes fuzzy functions reusable, local, and cheap.

Key results

  • 73.78% EM on FuzzyBench vs 68.70% for prompted Qwen3-32B
  • ~50x lower inference memory: ~1.2 GB bf16 vs ~60 GB for Qwen3-32B
  • Runs at 30 tok/s on a MacBook M3 with a 23 MB per-program adapter

Shows many fuzzy application functions can be compiled once into small adapters, letting tiny local models match or beat much larger prompted models.

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